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A procedure for the desulfurization of coal tar pitch (CTP) by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) was developed, in which trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was used as a catalyst combined with ultrasonic waves. For comparison, the effects of H 2 O 2 combined with different catalysts on sulfur removal were also investigated. The oxidative system composed of H 2...
Automotive Diesel engines exhaust emissions must constantly be reduced to comply with more and more stringent regulations, all over the world. The introduction of water in the combustion chamber is already used on some large marine diesel engines to cut down NOx emission.In this paper an experimental study is conducted on a modern automotive 1.5l HSDI Diesel engine while injecting a water-in-diesel...
In this work we investigate theoretically and numerically the nature of the evolution of a hot gas mixture containing organic gel fuel droplets of different radii with oscillatory evaporation within the context of thermal explosion theory. The polydisperse spray is modeled using a probability density function (PDF). In this paper we take into account the time evolution of the size distribution due...
A molecular absorption method is proposed for the determination of phosphorus in biodiesel. The samples are mineralized using an ashing procedure at 550°C followed by dissolution of the residue. The analytical procedure is based on the formation of a blue molybdenum complex. 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonicacidis used as reducing agent. The method was applied to biodiesel samples prepared from soy, canola...
Replacement of fossil fuels with biomass-based components is of increasing public and scientific interest. Unfortunately, most biomass-based compounds contain oxygen and oxygen content must be diminished before use of the compounds as fuel. Removal is usually done catalytically, with hydrogen supplied to convert the oxygen to water. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of biomass-based compounds is often studied...
This investigation examines the experimental and the kinetic modeling of the oxidation of ethyl butanoate (EB) selected as model molecule for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). New experimental information of EB oxidation was generated from a laminar tubular plug flow reactor (PFR) operating at atmospheric pressure, under dilute conditions, over the temperature range 500–1200K, with various equivalence...
In the work reported here, baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used as feed for the production of liquid biofuels in a continuous one-step process under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of excess hydrogen and K 2 CO 3 . The yeast conversion experiments were performed in an up-flow reactor under near-critical water conditions (T 330–450°C, p 20–32MPa). The products consisted...
Flame flashback attributed to combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB) is a major design challenge for swirl stabilized burner combustors. This paper presents an experimental investigation of combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB) flashback propensity for flames yielded from Hydrogen (H 2 )–Carbon Monoxide (CO) fuel blends and actual synthesized gas (syngas) mixtures. A two-fold experimental...
The heating value is one of the most important properties of animal fats, vegetable oils and biodiesels for their use as fuels in stead of petroleum.There are lots of formulae or correlations encountered in the literature to evaluate biomass fuels’ higher heating value (HHV). Lots of them are not specially established for vegetable oils, animal fats and their derivatives. In this paper, some correlations...
Artificial neural network was used to predict the effects of operational parameters on coal desulfurization using peroxyacetic acid from microwave pretreated coal. Coal particle size (150–1125μm), leaching temperature (25–85°C), leaching time (0–120min), microwave irradiation power (0–1000W) and time (0–110s) were used as inputs to the network. The outputs of the model were organic and inorganic sulfur...
This study investigates the impact of mid-high biodiesel blends on the criteria and PAH emissions from a pick-up diesel vehicle. The vehicle was a Euro 4 (category N1, subclass III) compliant common rail light duty vehicle fitted with a diesel oxidation catalyst. Emission and fuel consumption measurements were performed on a chassis dynamometer using constant volume sampling (CVS) technique, following...
Starting at low temperatures (below 0°C) is an important issue for current and near future diesel engine technology. Low ambient temperature causes long cranking periods or complete misfiring in small diesel engines and, as a consequence, an increased amount of pollutant emissions. This paper is devoted to study the influence of nozzle geometry on ignition and combustion progression under glow-plug...
The excellent suitability of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) catalyst to carry out the synthesis of methyl oleate (biodiesel) by methanolysis of triolein in ILs based on imidazolium cations with large alkyl side chain (from C 12 to C 18 ) has been demonstrated at 60 and 85°C. The phase behaviour of IL/triolein/methanol and IL/methyl oleate mixtures were studied...
Special Mo–Co/γ-Al 2 O 3 and W–Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts with different metal loadings were prepared applying new synthesis technologies that combine ultrasonic-assisted impregnation and temperature-programming methods. Clean liquid oil was obtained from middle-temperature coal tar via hydrogenation in two-stage fixed beds filled with the laboratory made catalysts. The...
Conventional agricultural life cycle assessments (LCAs) measure greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for biofuel pathways as the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted per unit of energy provided by the pathway (i.e. gCO 2 e/MJ). This measure of GHG emissions, as computed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is then used to determine the extent to which the corresponding biofuel pathway...
Hydrogen is actually of great interest because it is the cleanest, sustainable and renewable energy carrier with a significantly reduced impact on the environment. In the future, hydrogen energy systems are expected to progressively replace the existing fossil fuels. Although hydrogen possesses significant advantages, it also exhibits major drawbacks in its utilization. The most important of them...
The production of fermentable sugars by biochemical conversion of pretreated sunflower stalks is studied in this work. Liquid hot water pre-treatment, in a temperature range from 180 to 230°C was used. After pre-treatment, solid residue and liquid fractions are separated by filtration. Pretreated solids are further submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis for glucose release using a commercial enzyme preparation...
Removal of NO was studied in a lab-scale bubbling reactor. Effects of operation parameters such as pH value, H 2 O 2 concentration, NO inlet concentration and reaction temperature on NO removal efficiency were investigated. The operation parameters included 250–1000ppm NO, 0.5–1.5mol/L H 2 O 2 , FeSO 4 0.05mol/L, 2–6 pH, 25–70°C. As can be seen from the experimental...
Hydrodeoxygenation of waste fats and oils is a viable method for producing renewable diesel oil. In this study a model feed consisting of oleic acid and tripalmitin in molar ratio 1:3 was hydrotreated at 325°C with 20bars H 2 in a stirred batch autoclave with a 5wt% Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst, and samples were extracted periodically and analyzed on GC. Despite the significant hydrogen...
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